Fahrenheit - 1148 Words

Ray Bradbury is a master of characterization techniques. He uses his expertise, such as indirect characterization, in the creation of Fahrenheit 451. In addition to learning about the explicit qualities of Bradbury’s characters, readers receive deeper insight as we carefully read his stories. In Fahrenheit 451, we learn more indirect information about the protagonist, Guy Montag, through the words used to introduce this character. We have a clear view of Montag’s thoughts and feelings that lead him into his own transformation. When the novel begins, we learn that Montag’s values are similar to that of the society he lives in. The culture in which Montag is accustomed to is one without cogitation or analysis. Their society believes that†¦show more content†¦Montag believes there must be a reason why she was willing to die for her books. Mildred shows no interest and goes to the extent of saying she â€Å"hates† Mrs.Blake. After using Clarisse to begin Montag’s transformation, Bradbury uses Professor Faber to further develop Montag’s change into individuality. Montag met Faber in a park years before and remembers him when he begins to read the books he has been stealing from the fires. He was an English professor. Montag meets with Faber and agrees to plant books in the homes of firemen so that the firemen will get arrested and there will be no one to enforce the anti-book laws. Faber gives Montag a radio device that fits in his ear and looks like a seashell, the common radio every person has. As Montag leaves, he says, â€Å"I’m not thinking. I’m just doing like I’m told, like always. You said get the money and I got it. I didn’t really think of it myself. When do I start working things out on my own?† Faber replies that Montag has already â€Å"taken the next step.† Not only is he questioning and enduring by others’ answers, he wants to c ompose his own ideas and observations. The next step for Montag is becoming a leader. After joining the book people outside of the city and the nuclear explosion, they start to return to the scene of the destruction. Montag is in a different position than before, he is now leading: â€Å"Montag began walking and after a moment found that the others had fallen in behind him,Show MoreRelatedConverting  ° Fahrenheit And Fahrenheit1066 Words   |  5 PagesConverting  °Fahrenheit to  °Celsius and visa versa †¢ The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is 32 degrees, in Celsius it is 0 degrees. †¢ The boiling point of water in Fahrenheit is 212 degrees, in Celsius it is 100 degrees. †¢ Consequently the difference between freezing and boiling is 180 degrees Fahrenheit (212-32) or 100 degrees Celsius (100-0). This means that 180 degrees change in Fahrenheit is equal to 100 degree change in Celsius, or more simply 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit equals 1.0 degreesRead MoreDifferences Between Fahrenheit And Fahrenheit964 Words   |  4 Pages2.2 Compare + contrast the Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius temperature scales and be able to convert values between scales. Today we use three temperature scales. The first of these scales was Fahrenheit scale. It was developed in 1714 by German scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. He developed first mercury thermometer after being inspired by alcohol thermometer invented by Danish scientist Olaus Roemer. Fahrenheit made it more precise by multiplying his scale by four. He establish zero by mixingRead MoreFahrenheit 4511365 Words   |  6 PagesBradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, was written at the onset of the fifties as a call to the American people to reflect on how the dominant social values of their times were effecting both the lives of individual Americans and their government. Fahrenheit 451 attacks utopian government and focuses on society s foolishness of always being politically correct. (Mogen 113). According to Mogen, Fahrenheit 451 depicts a world in which the American Dream has turned into a nightmare because it has beenRead MoreFahrenheit 451704 Words   |  3 PagesSTUDY GUIDE QUESTION S FOR FAHRENHEIT 451 As you read each section of the novel, answer briefly the following questions. Part I: The Hearth and the Salamander (pages 1-65) 1. What do the firemen do for a living? In our world, firemen fight fires. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451, â€Å"the firemen burns books. They do this to fight ideas and to keep their society safe from disruptive influences. 2. What is never washed off completely? In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montag says that â€Å"you never wash it off completelyRead MoreFahrenheit 4511345 Words   |  6 PagesBethany Edwards Censorship or Knowledge Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451 is a good example of censorship and restriction and the results of what can happen because of this. Ray Bradbury predicts in his novel that the future is without literature -- everything from newspapers to novels to the Bible. This novel is about a world that is so structured and censored that even a common fireman exist not to fight fires, for all buildings are fireproof, but instead to burn books. Books are made toRead MoreFahrenheit 4511651 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream. We are told that these achievements can be done by adapting to America’s ideals and cultural norms. The ‘American Dream’ is attainable for those who fall in step with the majority. This conformity is illustrated in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. In the novel, Guy Montag becomes disillusioned with the illiterate ignorance of his society. Through a series of tragic events, Montag finds the vapid world must be changed. This change will be the only way to attain true knowledge, thus freedomRead MoreFahrenheit 4521136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿In our 21st century today, it is somewhat precise to how Ray Bradbury portrayed the future in his novel â€Å"Fahrenheit 451.† Mildred Montag’s fate really matches up to the people in our society. Mildred, like many people today, are constantly on their technology devices and having no interest in the outside world. If more and more people in our word become like Mrs. Montag, then we will start losing interest in people and the world outside of technology. Bradbury reveals to the readers that MildredRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Jhoan Aguilar Mrs. Armistead English III H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trendsRead More1984 And Fahrenheit 4511505 Words   |  7 PagesOrwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are addressed in various ways. Both texts are of dystopian fiction, set in post-nuclear war nations, although they are somewhat of a different nature. The concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are explored throughout the texts by addressing the issue of ‘knowledge is power’, the use and abuse of technology and the desensitising of society. Although these are mentioned in both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, theyRead MoreEssay On Fahrenheit 451833 Words   |  4 PagesWhy shouldn’t Fahrenheit 451 be banned? Ban books or burn them? Ray Bradbury wrote his famous novel Fahrenheit 451 in 1953 fantasizing about a world in which books were banned, and when a book was found it was burnt and destroyed. Little did he know that his thought of books being banned could actually happen and that it would be one of his own. Today Fahrenheit 451 is being banned and challenged in schools all across America. How ironic that a book about books being banned is now being banned around

The Issues Facing Upcoming Congress - 1812 Words

ISSUES FACING UPCOMING CONGRESS Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date VIOLATING WOMENS ACT: There are a lot of issues facing the upcoming congress. Hence, I consider the women act as a very crucial issue to be looked at. The congress is expecting a heated debate on the violation of women act. The women’s act is an article which was specifically signed to protect women against several grounds termed to be unfair to them. When Congress passed the Violence against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994, obviously it was a milestone federally as it acknowledged the scourge of domestic violence. It also emphasized on a very workable change, destined to address the problem of the police treating such cases as domestic and private family affairs instead of treating them as real and pressing crimes. (Gordon, 2002) With grant funding as a source of reward and with the backing of many leaders in the battered women’s movement, VAWA utilized this golden opportunity to encourage states to adopt compulsory arrest policies that permitted domestic violence cases to move forward without the consent of the victims. Eighteen years later, VAWA, an active vocal group of researchers and lawmakers are questioning whether VAWA’s original urge to make law implementation was the basic tool to put a check domestic violence was the right approach. It’s now evident that â€Å"VAWA’s focus majorly on law enforcement controls. VAWA has also worked to increased prosecution rates of domestic violenceShow MoreRelatedThe Main Problems With The Constitution1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocracy and legal norms, by acting in ways such as; ordering government representatives to bypass statues and treaties, not allowing congressional oversight and jump into unwanted actions such as starting the wa r with Iraq which was not favored in the Congress. Normally the constitutions contains systems in place that should be able to counterattack such actions and behaviors, like the famous division of power and â€Å"checks and balances†. As the government of America is divided into three powers; the executoryRead More war in iraq1122 Words   |  5 Pages George W. Bush is asking Congress for $80 billion more for the failed Iraq war. Congress is gearing up to pour more money to quot;stay the coursequot; of the past two tragic years. Tell your Member of Congress that not one more dime should go to waging war in Iraq. Instead, the U.S. must end the occupation, bring our troops home, and support Iraqi sovereignty. Many good-intentioned people in the United States say we cant withdraw our troops now and abandon Iraqis to chaos and disorder. Yet theRead MoreAmerica s Voting Equipment s Major Problem? Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems those issues affect all voters. There are ways of voting that can sometimes fail, and the discovery of fraud in the voting process can make people question the election results. The right to vote is what many Americans believe is the most essential part of being an American in a democratic nation. To keep the American citizens’, trust the voting operation system must work properly and establish that the people’s votes are counted. The American election administration is facing the new generationRead MoreRonald Regan s Impact On Economic Prosperity844 Words   |  4 Pagesmeeting in regard of the upcoming tsunami and about actions that should be taken in regards. All the firms turn to the hedge funds but failed and to bail the banks, Hank Paulson and Ben Bernanke asked the congress for 700 billion dollars. Poor people suffered the most from the Global financial crisis. All the CEOs of the administrations mentioned above in the questions could keep their money in the aftermath. It employs 3000 lobbyists and 5 per each member of the congress. The financial sector spentRead MoreThe Border Security Act Of 20131701 Words   |  7 Pages Two bills which failed to pass congress, illustrate the contemporary shortcomings of congress and the reason so many Americans view the legislature as so disconnected with the public. The Border Security bill was drafted to address the mismanagement of the Department of Homeland Security in regard to immigration policy, and would have provided more clear paths to citizenship for millions of undocumented workers. Another bill, the â€Å"Safe Communities, Safe Schools Act of 2013† drafter to tighten gunRead MoreDeferred Action For Childhood Arrivals Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their rights as immigrant students. These students called themselves DREAMers—which, stems from the DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors). The DREAM Act is a legislative bill that was first introduced in Congress in 2001. However, Congress was never able to pass this bill, despite multiple reforms made over the past decade. The DREAM Act s main goal was to protect the rights of immigrant students in the United States by allowing conditional residency and eventually permanentRead MoreAirline Deregulation Act Of 1978 Signed1398 Words   |  6 PagesAct, but the act was proposed initially during Nixon’s presidency, and was carried out by the Ford Administration. The airline industry was growing dramatically during the 1960s and mid-1970s. Due to the steady increase in the demand, airlines were facing three major difficulties- lack of free and stable market, high ticket prices leading to poor productivity, and rising labor and fuel costs. Airline companies have adopted several new strategies to offer competitive market since the industry’s deregulationRead MorePresident Pierce And The Former President837 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuing to support President Pierce in his negotiations for the Kansas and Nebraska territories?† A young man asked to the former president. Newly elected President Pierce was attempting to compromise with the pro-slavery members of his own party in Congress to rescind the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in new federal territories. The short round former president guffawed and looked at the questioner with a keen eye. An older man next to Van Buren smirked and said: â€Å"President Pierce, is not theRead MoreThe Medical Field : A Wide Field1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe confusion in this field is driven mostly by a lot of uncertainties ranging from shifting terms of finance models and some of the new government power to persistent fight over licensing and other regulation. For this reason, some of the problems facing this field are seen as if the government are to blame. Studies have shown over and over again that some of these legislations are put in place by the authorities makes it so hard for medical providers and the same time patients. Technology and itsRead MoreObamas Immigration Executive Orders 20161316 Words   |  6 Pages13-year pathway for citizenship for a majority of the undocumented immigrants. It would also raise the cap on visas for highly skilled workers, while also creating a new visa program for lowly skilled workers who would be working on America’s farms. 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The Bible Among Myth Free Essays

string(41) " of a person being â€Å"one with the tree\." LIBERTY UNIVERSITY A BOOK SUMMARY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS: BY AUTHOR JOHN N. OSWALT NAME OF STUDENT: FABIOLA REID STUDENT ID: 22379938 CLASS: OBST 590 INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: DR. ALVIN THOMPSON DATE SUBMITTED: 03/03/2013 INTRODUTION The author, John N. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible Among Myth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Oswalt, begins his introduction, speaking in regards to the differences between the Old Testament, religions and cultures of the people from the Ancient Near East. As The Bible Among the Myths begins it is the assumption that while there has been no change since the 1960’s, there has been a shifted. Before then, Scholars believed that the Old Testament was true and not compared to any other, however, now scholars questioned this belief and have begun to believe that the Old Testament writings are similar to the other religions of its day. [1] Oswalt continues by discussing a most important philosophical difference within the Old Testament and its contemporaries. He states that there is a clear distinction between â€Å"essence† and â€Å"accident. † [2] Oswalt states that an accident can be something as similar as hair, while self-consciousness is an essential. To remove an accident will not cause change but to remove an essential, this thing will cease to be itself. [3] ————————————————- The author establishes to the reader the conception of myth also imitating the option that scholars continue to differ greatly on this definition; Oswalt insists that this ought to not dissuade the individual from seeking a good definition of the word. In order for him to define this word, he list four basic characteristics of a myth. 1. John N. Oswalt, The Bible Among the Myths, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. The first characteristic; mankind having little or no intrinsic value and the second characteristic was the relative lack of interest in historical studies. The third is the practice of magic and involvement with the occult. The fourth is the refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. [4] Oswalt concludes his introduction with a substantial claim. He emphasizes that theological claims are inseparable from historical claims. [5] Oswalt states that trustworthiness must be contingent upon both the theological and historical claims. If the historical claims are patently false, then no credence ought to be given to the theological decrees, In the end, I am not advocating a â€Å"the Bible says it, and I believe it, and that settles it† point of view, although those who disagree with me may argue that to be the case. What I am advocating is a willingness to allow the Bible to determine the starting place of the investigation. [6] CHAPTER ONE ————————————————- The first chapter discusses the Bible in milieu of its surroundings and contribution to society as a whole. Oswalt mentions that there are many contributions to way the Western world views reality. The Bible, however, is the most important contributor. [7] 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. Greek Thought: The Greek philosophers of the early centuries brought in this way of thinking that was to have a profound effect on the western world. The belief, in a â€Å"universe† instead of a â€Å"polyverse,† adding, simple cause and effect, as well as non-contradiction were three of their most significant contributions. [8] Hebrew Thought: While the Greek philosophers were struggling to express their point of view, the Hebrews were also articulating their beliefs by way of the prophets. Their beliefs were as follows: There is only one God, God is the sole Creator of all that is, God exist apart from creation, God has made himself known to his people, God has made his will known to his people, and God rewards and punishes people for following or disobeying his will. [9] Combing Greek and Hebrew Thought: ————————————————- Oswalt states; when the Gospel of Jesus presupposed the Israelite worldview, penetrated into the Greco-Roman world, this set the stage for the combination of the Greek and the Hebrew worldviews in the distinctively Christian way. The Greeks’ rational thought combined with Hebrew people’s belief in monotheism. [10] 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25 Oswalt argues that logic was not completely developed until after people realized that God not only was the sole creator of the universe, but was also completely separate from the creation. What is most important is that science and logic cannot stand on their own and if they attempt to then this will lead to self-destruction. Oswalt gives an example; Hiroshima and the Buchenwald concentration camp and humanity’s achievements when it is devoid of God’s influence. [11] CHAPTER TWO In this second chapter, Oswalt discusses his definition of myth. However before Oswalt begins this definition he begins to argue the very question with regard to the myth and why it is questioned at this time. Oswalt mentions that fifty years ago there would not be such a question. However by the 1960’s and as more scholars begin to research the Bible, more questions aroused. [12] ————————————————- Oswalt wishes to apply the appropriate classification to the Bible. Unequivocally, he describes whether or not the Bible should be considered a myth or not. In order to properly answer the question, Oswalt list several definitions posed by scholars today. As Oswalt listed these definitions, he also explains why he feels that they are inadequate. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. The category of definitions falls under one group known ashistorical-Philosophical and they are as follows; 1. Etymological – based on a false and fictitious deity or event. 2. Sociological-Theological – the truth is seen as relative and something is seen as true if it is seen by others. 3. Literary – the events are not seen as right or wrong. Instead, the narrative employs heavy use of symbolism to express its meaning. [13] ————————————————- These definitions all have one thing in common which is at their core; they all believe in the philosophy of continuity. Oswalt states that continuity is a philosophical principle that asserts that all things are continuous with each other. Oswalt uses an example of a person being â€Å"one with the tree. You read "The Bible Among Myth" in category "Papers" † Not merely symbolically or spiritually, but actually. The tree is me; I am the tree. [14] 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. CHAPTER THREE Chapter three discusses Continuity as the center of topic. Carrying over from chapter two the one thing that myths have in common at their core is the presence of continuity. This way of thinking is viewed as all things are viewed as related in some form or fashion. There are three major forces (humanity, nature, and the divine) this is where everything exists within the circle. 15] The effects of continuity are numerous and varied in accordance. One of these effects is looking at signs in nature. The effects are attempted to be explained by weather patterns, floods, fire, plagues and the celestial beings. Other examples are the effects of fertility and potency and the preoccupation of the people thereof. Oswalt uses the example of how sexuality is so central to people’s lives today is a reason for this effect of continuity. [16] ————————————————- Finally, Oswalt deals straightforwardly with what he feels are the common features of myth. Excluding a few exceptions, myths all share the belief that their existence is based on Polytheism. Which is the belief of more than one god or and many gods. The second is these gods in the form of images. The use of symbols and icons are believed strongly in order to interact with nature and the divine. The gods themselves are not view highly in fact view lowly, they are not seen as actual beings. Confliction is what is needed in order for the universe to evolve and myths have a low view of mankind. [17] 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. CHAPTER FOUR In chapter four Oswalt reverts back to characteristics of the Bible. Here he argues with the topic of transcendence, where God (who has been in existence before the universe) interacts with all things thereof. In this Biblical thought process there is uniqueness with regard to the modern-day belief systems in many ways. However one must bear in mind that the Old Testament is remarkably self-consistent regarding the things it maintains about the nature of reality. [18] Oswalt provides the reader with a broaden list of some common characteristics. Monotheism, of course one of the most obvious characteristics of the Bible that stands out among other religions. With the exception of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are all directly correlated from the Bible. Most other religions are polytheistic. The existence of Yahweh being the only God was a defining characteristic for the Old Testament and the Bible as a whole. [19] ————————————————- Another characteristic of the Old Testament theory is that God was in existence prior to the all creation. All that exist is after God and God created it. Oswalt states that if the world is full of chaos that it is not due to God but the spirits of this world. Oswalt mentions that the Bible is a position to insist that the problem of humanity is not a tragic fatedness to evil, but a spirit that prefers evil to good. [20] 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. CHAPTER FIVE In chapter five Oswalt argues that the Bible is totally different from other religious writings and is unique in its self. Oswalt further discusses the issues of ethics, In the Ancient Near East; the non-biblical worldviews held two sets of ethics. One set is related to how people interacted with each other. The other set of ethics is related to how people acted upon the deities. In Bible ethics behavior was defined by God and God alone and not subject to the social changes in society, they obey God. [21] Oswalt discusses some of the similarities between Israelites and non-Israelites. Some of the practices were quite similar. The sacrificial ceremonial, the manner of their offerings, the layout of the tabernacle and temple and also the decoration of the temple all seem similar to those of the Israelite and non-Israelite people. Their practices of expression and thought pattern were similar to where Oswalt indorses his belief that these areas are incidental and not essential to the basic identities of the people. [22] CHAPTER SIX ————————————————- Chapter six introduces the Bible and History, Oswalt points out the there is a distinction, between myths and the Bible, whereas the myths are based on many gods, the Bible is based on one God. History and the Bible run parallel to each other. Oswalt argues the idea that to state the Bible is not â€Å"historical â€Å"is something of an oxymoron. 23] 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. Oswalt uses Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language to describe the definition that he feels would best fit history. History functions on different levels. Its connections could be to someone or something or both. Yet the Bible is its own form of history correlated with mankind and their surroundings. [24] CHAPTER SEVEN AND EIGHT Oswalt attempts to address some of the issues that were used against the Bible concerning its historical stance. Oswalt does mentions some gaps, progress and lack of progress, whether the Bible is â€Å"history-like† or â€Å"historical fiction† as well as how it relates to revelation and supernatural events and whether Israel is unique in these areas. [25] Oswalt makes the case in the eight chapter that the Bible is historical and completely accurate. Oswalt states this matter is of the utmost importance. While one would state that there are sections of the Bible that are not historical for example; poetic and wisdom, these too are historical because they describe people, relationships weaknesses and failures. The entire Bible is historical especially when it pertains to the history of the Jesus Christ. ————————————————- The author states that one could argue German distinction between Historie (defining what happen) and Geschichte (telling what is going on) as being valid. [26] 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. The conclusion of this section determines that history is inseparable from theology in the Bible. Theology is in relation to the historical events. The author uses an exceptional example with regard to the resurrection to support this conclusion. He directs the reader to one of the epistles written by the Apostle Paul to the church of Corinth. The Apostle Paul states that one’s faith cannot exist without a historical belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. [27] If Christ was not raised then your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. (1 Cor. 15:17) CHAPTER NINE AND TEN ————————————————- In chapter nine the author discusses alternative views pertaining to the biblical narrative as it is known today. He began with the arguments of John Van Seters. Professor Van Seters emphasizes that the Bible had to have been altered by Jewish priest after Babylonian exile. [28] Oswalt mentions that the second is Frank Cross who assumes that the Bible used to be an epic poem, however was changed into the Old Testament’s current state at some point. [29] The third is William Dever who believes that Israel’s belief systems were identical to Canaanite beliefs and the Christian scholars have overlooked certain facts throughout history to portray an inaccurate account of ancient Israel. 30] Then, finally, Oswalt discusses Mark Smith and his opinion of Israel’s belief system. Mark Smith argues that Israel’s beliefs are directly originated from the Canaanite’s polytheistic beliefs. [31] 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 173. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. The author concludes this book in chapter ten where he reiterates his main points taken from previous chapters. He stresses the major theme is that c ontrast between biblical and non-biblical views of reality. The biblical view is deep-seated in transcendence and the non-biblical view is deep-seated in continuity. 31] In the end, we may differ on the biblical worldview and theology, given to them, but what matters in the end is how we answer the following questions: Is there a God? Does he have a will for our lives? Has he made known that will to us in intelligible actions and speech in time and space? If we answer â€Å"no† then the entire enterprise is bootless. However, if our answer is â€Å"yes† the question of what God’s will is and how he has chosen to reveal it becomes one of absolutely ultimate significance. [32] ————————————————- 31. Ibid, 185. 32. Ibid, 194. REFERENCES 1. Oswalt, John, N. , The Bible Among the Myths Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 172. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. 32. Ibid, 185 33. Ibid, 194 How to cite The Bible Among Myth, Papers

Cross Sectional Management Plan free essay sample

The country has eleven official languages that are recognized by the constitution. Even though the International image of South Africa had been tarnished by apartheid, which was fought at enthusiastically by anti-apartheid activists led by icon Nelson Mandela, it has risen to be the most developed country in African, the mediator of warring parties during conflicts and the first African state to successfully build a nuclear-weapon program. Infrastructure Technology: South Africa is the technological giant in Africa. The country has the most developed nuclear technology in Africa and compared to other non-African states. The country has weapons of mass destruction comprising f chemical, nuclear and biological weapons. The country has made significant developments into scientific and technological developments in the world. Some of the most celebrated developments that threw the state in global limelight were the human-human heart transplantation and the development of a vaccine against Yellow Fever. The country has also made great developments toward astronomical exploration such as housing the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. Unlike any other African state, the country designs and manufactures its military equipment and ships. Transportation: the largest transportation networks in South Africa are rail and air, but nevertheless, the roads are modern and world class (Victor, 2002). The ports are also highly developed and they offer a stopover to shipping liners and tankers from places such as Asia, Europe and America. The ports also provide traffic centers for the traffic voyaging across the various continents. The South African rail system which links the sub-Saharan area is remarkably the 14th extensive world wide and some portions of the rail are electrified. The airports and the airline system in South Africa is well developed with efficient more than twenty air traffic control towers , give assist in operational services to almost 150 authorized airports and almost 600 aircraft. Some of the major airports are: King Shaka airport, Tambo international Airport and Cape Town International Airport. The South African air transport is the largest air transport in the continent and it has got airline links to over twenty African cities. Communication: the state has an exceptional telecommunications network and an assortment of media services. The country enjoys the latest forms f communication such as wireless, line-fixed and satellite communications which accounts for 99%. Recently, the communication sector has advanced greatly with the country having four communication operators namely MTN, Vodacom, Cell C and Virgin Mobile. The possession of electrical appliances such as television, computer and mobile phones has increased tremendously from according to a study carried out in 2007. The country passed the Electronic Communications Act in 2005 to scrub off policies that prevented the growth of various sectors and business. Internet usage in South Africa amounts to more than a quarter of the continent’s total with internet users totaling to more than twelve million. Foreign personnel in South Africa: the U. S assists South Africa in various ways such as in the form of financial aid or in military training. Many neighboring and foreign countries have embassies in South Africa. However, America was the first foreign country to establish an embassy in 1799. And it has got an embassy located in Pretoria. Brazil has strong ties with South Africa as it has for a long time given arfare training and logistics to the country. Indians played a vital part in the fight against apartheid regime and also the Indian government. Canada has financially aided South Africa tremendously, offering over $ 200 million) so as to help it fight AIDS. The country also helped in the making of the constitution of the nation and by strengthening the governmental services. Iran played a key role in the fight against apartheid by severing the official relations with the apartheid government. Malawi has also South African ties through joint security cooperation. Energy: the population of the country enjoys one of the most costs of electricity in the world. The country gets 95% of its electricity supply from Eskom generators. The country is blessed with natural deposits of oil (Africa, 1978). The country has the biggest commercial gas-to-liquids plant. Nuclear energy contributes 1,800 MW to the national grid. South Africa has an electrical network with power lines covering an extensive area of 300,000 kilometers. Raw materials: the vast deposits of raw materials are found in South Africa. Some of these raw materials are: vanadium, chromium and manganese (Herbert, 1971). Among the world’s most valuable minerals such as gold, platinum and diamonds are also found in huge deposits in South Africa. More than 40% of the gold deposits are found in the Witwatersrand area of South Africa. There are also other huge deposits of raw materials such as nickel, titanium, antimony, copper, fluorspar, zinc, and lead among others. The country produces around 30,000 tones of vanadium which amounts to more than 45% of the world supply. South Africa’s iron core reserves are the largest in the continent. Sociological forces Language: there are many languages in South Africa but it’s only eleven of them that are recognized by the constitution namely: Ndebele, Sotho, Northern Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, English, Afrikaans, Xhosa and Zulu. There are many other minor languages based on indigenous creoles, pidgins and dialects. Culture: globally, the country has among the highest multicultural practices. Most of them are indigenous while others are as a result of colonialism. South Africans of Indian origin practice their cultures, speak their language and still hold their religious beliefs. The natives have got their ultures, customs in marriages and taboos such as using cattle for dowry payments as social status (Dean, 2003). The traditional Africans view tribe as the important community as it’s the source of financial and emotional security. The Afrikaans and the colored regard their extended and nuclear families and the English population view the extended family as the most important. Ed ucation: the formal schools start grade R and then from grade one to twelve. There was a Southern African Schools Act passed in 1996 that required all South Africans over seven years to attend schools to the age of fifteen. SWOT analysis Strengths: The weather is perfect and it is favorable for year round travelling. Convenient accesses as there are over fifty-five airlines with connections from the five continents. There are world class accommodations that features resorts and game lodges (Group, 2010). The country has a multinational culture and therefore visitors can blend in. Opportunities: the country offers conference and congress facilities that have high-tech centers. There are imaginative encouragements that range from large movements to small organizations (Marc, 1995). Most of the businesses done are carried out in the bush (businesses unusual). Weaknesses: if travelling, one has to endure long flight hours. In the note of security concern, some parts of the country can be not only insecure but also dangerous when not accompanied by a guide. Threats: insecurity in the country is so sorry that HIV patients are robbed have got to endure that they could be robbed their ARVs. There are rampant HIV infections. Foreign investors and traders have got to endure intimidations and some from neighboring countries killed in cold blood. Goals and objectives Among the goals are: poverty reduction and promotion of health, reduction of air population, developing sustainable economy, promoting basic and higher education in the education sector. Strategies and tactics: Assisted by the U. S through aids such as USAID the South African government focuses on increasing the level of education, promoting peace between the locals and the foreigners to avoid phobic attacks, the growth of economy and reduction of the prevalence of AIDS. Controls and evaluations In conjunction with the U.

Telling the Truth free essay sample

Before beginning my study of this elective I held a very simple black and white view regarding ‘Truth’ and ‘Telling the Truth’. I believed that there was a right a wrong to every situation and that the information and news the media presented was mainly correct and true. Through the studying of this elective I have been presented new relevant information and from this information I have reassessed my views on ‘’Telling the Truth’. This elective presented to me the idea that truth is determined by the way it is told and by who tells it. Also revealed are the many reasons why people choose to distort the truth, for example personal gain. This elective also presented the ideas that there are many truths to a situation and these truths vary on perspective and the way the truth is portrayed and represented. In my discussion I will make reference to the recording â€Å"Disturbing Practices† and the Frontline episodes ‘The Siege’ and ‘We Ain’t Got Dames’. We will write a custom essay sample on Telling the Truth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Disturbing practices is a montage of quotes from the Children Overboard affair set to a rhythmic musical parody. The aim of the song is to criticize and raise awareness of the false, misleading and inappropriate reactions and actions taken by the Howard government during the â€Å"Children Overboard† affair. The song reveals the truth and lies of the situation by chronologically placing the accusations and quotes in order. The song begins with the prime minister informing the public that ‘they are not coming to the Australian mainland that is one choice that is not available’. Philip Ruddock who was the Australian Immigration Minister then goes on to say ‘A number of people have jumped overboard and have had to be rescued. More disturbingly, a number of children have been thrown overboard’. He then criticizes the events, insulting the refugees portraying them to the Australian people as lowly people in an attempt to have them resented by the people so the government will not lose face when they are disallowed entry to the country. Further into the recording Peter Reith the Australian Defense Minister goes on to say †¦and it is an absolute fact that children were thrown into the water. After evidence is demanded to support the governments accusations on the situation the Howard government attempted to save face through promises to further investigate the situation and then present the evidence to the public. When it is revealed that there is no actual evidence Admiral Chris Barrie states ‘I have now reached the conclusion, that there is no evidence to support the claim that children were thrown overboard ’ as well as this the prime minister attempts to save face by claiming that he simply passed on information that he was presented. The song seems comical at the beginning but goes on to become quite serious at the end. The song is partly in the techno format and had regularly repeats words continuously to gain the listeners attention and focus. This song helps listeners to be able to gain an overview on a situation that spread a few months and shifts the listeners perspective on the truth of the situation because the main and most significant quotes and accusations that government made have been collated into a song. Through the listening of the song it becomes clear how the government portrayed their own version of events so they would not loose face when dealing with the refugees and how when the government realized they had been caught telling the public lies and distorted versions of the truth they attempted to save face by passing the blame onto someone else. Frontline is an excellent example and tool when studying the elective ‘Telling the Truth’ because Frontline blurs the line between fiction and fact and implies that current affairs television similarly blurs that line, reducing its usefulness to the viewing public. It is commonly accepted that viewers expect current affairs television to assist them in exploring, testing, refuting or endorsing truth statements made in the public arena. Frontline uses the tools of satire, parody, exaggeration and humour, to test the authoritative voice and ultimately refute its ability to make truth statements. It uses the behind the scenes frame story to characterise Mike as foolish, ego driven and superficial in direct contrast to his on screen persona. Mike is also juxtaposed against the journalists Marty and Brooke and the researcher Emma, who are all makers of truth statements. Both Brooke and Marty are also seen both on and off screen. Brooke is represented on screen as sincere and compassionate, while Marty is the serious investigator, both representations in direct and humorous contrast to their off screen character. All are shown to be compromised by the commercial imperatives of a network current affairs programme. Frontline episode The Siege reveal to us that truth is often pushed into the background as the media strives for a good story. Truth is ignored and vital stories deemed irrelevant not pursued leaving an audience with misconceptions of reality. The relentless pursuit for ratings and intrusive journalism take a hand, with those who own the power manipulating the truth. Through Brookes use of irony in this episode we see firsthand the use of power in the pursuance of ratings at all costs. Ethics are abandoned in desperation to be the first with coverage, with Frontline continually crossing the line for exclusive interviews and footage; †¦one media organisation breaking the air-exclusion zone. The relentless pursuit for ratings at all costs is also shown again in Brooke’s interview with the gunman’s mother. Upon realizing the effect on the ratings the grandmother of the children held hostage could have, Brooke unapologetically asks Would you be able to cry again? . This is highly intrusive, abrupt, and heartless and clearly shows that in the world of journalism ratings appear to be everything. †¦a pub crawl in Manly is better than a massacre of millions if youve got the pictures. This shifts the responders perspective of the events portrayed because Frontline selectively used information to portray a story that would gain them the highest ratings as well as the fact that they could portray their own version of the events because they exclusive i nterviews of the events. Frontlines episode We Aint Got Dames is based around the relentless pursuit for ratings coupled with public interest. After losing its female audience, Frontlines solution to the problem is to present an patronizing response†¦ What do they wanna see? †¦Tonight on Frontline meet the Queen Mum. In desperation to reestablish its female audience after accusations of being too blokey, Frontline uses the politician Cheryl Kernot to blurr the lines between truth and fiction through a juxtaposition of realities; How do you balance work and family? . Stories are constructed for ratings, with a certain verisimilitude offered to persuade people to accept so-called truths; Not to worry. Well be able to edit it. Influential power-driven cowboys take the lead as audiences witness reenactments of sexual assault, and stories on dieting, pap smears, and the art of kissing. Truth is pushed into the background as Mikes sweat-shop story is reconstructed from slave labour to a story about fashion. This again portrays the idea that whoever has the power owns the truth and again shifts the responders perspective on the events portrayed because Frontline is portraying what the audience wants to hear in the pursuit to recover their female audience and increase ratings.

Legalization of Marijuana in Some States is Wrong

Legalization of Marijuana in Some States is Wrong The US of Marijuana: A Democracy That Stands Wrong As of spring 2016, several states in the United States of America have legalized the possession, production and the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. Marijuana, or Cannabis, is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, only behind alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. The substance is a psychotropic or psychoactive  drug that gives its user a â€Å"high† or â€Å"stoned† feeling and alters their conscious perception, giving them a heightened mood, relaxation and an increase in appetite. In some parts of the world, including many American states, a person can get prescribed â€Å"medical marijuana† for their ailment, such as cancer, a sleeping disorder – the list goes on and on. But looking at the facts from a Democratic standpoint, it’s evident that the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong. Cannabis Is Highly addictive For one, on a federal level, marijuana is still considered illegal. This is quite true. Under the Controlled Substances Act, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug, which means that the federal government views cannabis as highly addictive and having no medical value (even though this could change in the near future). It’s strange how the buds of a plant, a gift from God that heals people’s ailments and disorders, can be illegal. Nonetheless, if a state legalizes marijuana, which the Federal Government of the United States of America does not allow, technically, it is still illegal and therefore wrong from a democratic standpoint. Now, this may not be the case a year from now, two years from now, 10 years from now, but soon each state in the United States of America will be legal, under Federal Government laws, allowed to produce and sell marijuana – whether for medicinal or recreational purposes. But until then, it is still illegal, wrong. Secondly, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong if, on a state level – and states in America have a lot of power on their own – a majority of the voting public did not vote in favor of the legalization of marijuana. It is wrong if the state government imposes the legalization of marijuana if the citizens of that state do not want the plant legalized for medicinal or recreational purposes. If this were the case, it would be essentially wrong. It’s that simple. Of course, the opposite is happening: the governments of many states have already legalized marijuana for medicinal and recreational purposes – this will only continue to spread. This has been the will of the people in those states to have marijuana made legal in some regard. They have voted for this, so it is right. If imposed on the people, it is wrong. Get more information here: Obtaining a Law Degree Law Essay Writing Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Contributing Factors of Student Suicides Violence against Female University Students Cannabis Industry Should NOT Involve Minors Third, and lastly, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong when the cannabis industry involves minors. In these states, a person under the age of 18 should never come in contact with, use or be involved in the production or manufacturing of cannabis; if this does happen often and become a problem, then the legalization of marijuana is certainly doing wrong. No industry should negatively influence or exploit children. This violates human-rights laws and practices. Also, one more thing a person could argue about the legalization being wrong is if the company doesn’t pay it taxes to the federal and, or, state government. We see businesses in states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska – which have legalized the selling, usage, and production of marijuana for recreational purposes – paying their taxes to the federal government, even though the industry violates a federal law. Either way, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong if m arijuana-based businesses involve minors or sell to minors or dont pay its federal and state taxes. Even though these aforementioned points indicate what is wrong with the legalized marijuana industry in some states, many people in quite a few states feel that legalization is definitely a step forward. In fact, there is talk about several states passing the legislature this fall, laws that would legalize or decriminalize cannabis for either medicinal or recreational purposes. Legal cannabis is righteous to many people; but, once again, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong when a business in the cannabis industry involves minors, or doesn’t pay its taxes to the state and federal governments, or when a state passes legislation (because it’s still illegal in the eyes of United States Government), especially when against the will of the people.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006). Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013). With such conflicting opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred drug for Americans. Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2). Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforce ment of prohibition. $5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930’s (Bonnie Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7. 7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer goods to $6. 2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized toba cco and alcohol. This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 years of age. By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d. , para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM. President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972. The primary objective the commission was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixon’s commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and Legal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement. There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a losing battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized. Argument Against Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit. According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. Marijuana is sex-inhibiting. When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner. Research into this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough to impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me more and more† (Castleman, 2012). Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test this theory a group of researchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats. After this administration of THC the rats were allowed access to heroin by pressing a lever. According to this study, the rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC. Ethical Issues More research is needed in order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug. Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007). This approved drug, like marijuana, helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana. Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000). The DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started out smoking marijuana. Marijuana is prohibited and it puts individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those individuals would never have to be exposed to those situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain. Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms. Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is wasting 7. 7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars. The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor marijuana should be legalized. The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by burning cannabis leave by the entrance. This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance. Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It was America General Douglas MacArthur and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis. Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture. The use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the same effect. This ideal thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009). With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go back to the people in various ways. The people would also need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. References American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013). Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed. ). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://dbp. idebate. org/en /index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , Whitbread, C. (n. d). The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www. druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuana’s Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana and Sex: Surprising Results of This Blogger’s Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki. se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda. gov/NewsEvents /Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009). Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a Good Idea. † Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physician’s Perspective. † 2007. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998). Hempen cultrue in Japan. Retrieved from http://www. cannabisculture. om/articles/101. html/ Stirring the Pot: Could Legalizing Marijuana Save the Economy?. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2012/04/20/stirring-the-pot-could-legalizing-marijuana-save-the-economy/ The first report of the National Commission on marihuana (1972 ): signal of misunderstanding or exercise in ambiguity. (1974). Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749335/ The White House President Barak Obama. (2013). Retrieved from http://m. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/marijuana Uno, M. (2011). WEED CRISIS: Enter Japan’s Void. Retrieved from http://www. thestarklife. com/2011/06/17/weed-in-japan/ Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006). Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013). With such conflicting opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred drug for Americans. Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2). Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforce ment of prohibition. $5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930’s (Bonnie Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7. 7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer goods to $6. 2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized toba cco and alcohol. This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 years of age. By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d. , para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM. President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972. The primary objective the commission was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixon’s commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and Legal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement. There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a losing battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized. Argument Against Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit. According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. Marijuana is sex-inhibiting. When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner. Research into this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough to impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me more and more† (Castleman, 2012). Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test this theory a group of researchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats. After this administration of THC the rats were allowed access to heroin by pressing a lever. According to this study, the rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC. Ethical Issues More research is needed in order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug. Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007). This approved drug, like marijuana, helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana. Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000). The DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started out smoking marijuana. Marijuana is prohibited and it puts individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those individuals would never have to be exposed to those situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain. Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms. Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is wasting 7. 7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars. The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor marijuana should be legalized. The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by burning cannabis leave by the entrance. This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance. Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It was America General Douglas MacArthur and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis. Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture. The use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the same effect. This ideal thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009). With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go back to the people in various ways. The people would also need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. References American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013). Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed. ). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://dbp. idebate. org/en /index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , Whitbread, C. (n. d). The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www. druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuana’s Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana and Sex: Surprising Results of This Blogger’s Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki. se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda. gov/NewsEvents /Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009). Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a Good Idea. † Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physician’s Perspective. † 2007. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998). Hempen cultrue in Japan. Retrieved from http://www. cannabisculture. om/articles/101. html/ Stirring the Pot: Could Legalizing Marijuana Save the Economy?. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2012/04/20/stirring-the-pot-could-legalizing-marijuana-save-the-economy/ The first report of the National Commission on marihuana (1972 ): signal of misunderstanding or exercise in ambiguity. (1974). Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749335/ The White House President Barak Obama. (2013). Retrieved from http://m. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/marijuana Uno, M. (2011). WEED CRISIS: Enter Japan’s Void. Retrieved from http://www. thestarklife. com/2011/06/17/weed-in-japan/

Ancient Chamorros on the Island of Guam Term Paper

Ancient Chamorros on the Island of Guam - Term Paper Example Accordingly, the Chamorro resistance became increasingly strong with relation to the Spanish colonizers. Many Chamorro leaders, most notably Agualin, was able to effectively organize resistance due in no small part to his ability to orate and present rousing speeches to his supporters (Cunningham 12). The following is an interpretation for a similar such speech to rally Chamorro resistance to the Spanish colonizers on the island. â€Å"For too long we have sat idly by as our way of life, our religion, our women, our territory, and our culture have been under constant assault from this foreign occupier. As was the custom of our people, we originally welcomed this occupier with the open arms of friendship (Flood 8). As was the custom of our people, we were not quick to anger when the occupier insulted our women, insulted, our culture, took our lands, and worked to subvert our culture. However, in this, we have been wrong. I will be the first among you to tell you that I believe our cu lture is superior to that of the occupier; however, these overly friendly and welcoming aspects of our culture have only worked to subvert us. Rather than using our own best judgment as to where we should draw the line of humility and friendship, we have allowed ourselves to be overwhelmed by the occupier and his repression that is forced upon us at seemingly every turn. There are not enough words my people to tell you of all the harmful things that the occupier has done to our way of life. However, I want to draw your attention to some of the most important. The first of these harmful things is the way in which the occupier has pushed his religion upon us. For generations we have respected the teachings of our elders and sought to live by the rules that our religion has laid out for us. However, rather than choosing to leave us alone or even to proselytize to us regarding their beliefs, the occupier has forced many of us to convert to their own gods. Worse still, our children are b eing taken from the arms of their own parents and placed into schools that force them to adopt the beliefs of the occupier – all the while forgetting the beliefs that their ancestors have held for so many years. Of all of the things that the occupier has done to us, of all the ways they have wronged us, the ideological theft of our own flesh and blood is the worst (DeFronzo 17). These young children are our only hope for continued survival into the future. The occupier knows this that is why they are actively working to convert them to their own twisted and warped way of thinking. Their goal is to drive us into extinction. By taking our children, they are taking our culture; by taking our culture, they are ensuring that we will never pose a threat to their conquest ever again. In keeping with the willful disregard that the conqueror has placed on our culture, he is actively disrespecting the sanctify of family and the decision of elder tribe members as he randomly selects fro m our own women those which he will make his wife and/or concubine. What has become of us! What will become of us? Will we stand for this? Will we let the occupier continue to defile our very own women? My people, this must end – we must make it end or we must die in the process. If the theft of our children and our women mean nothing to you, then consider our culture. If the theft of our culture means nothing to you – then consider the theft of our land. Every day the occupier

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Edit - Essay Example The intent of using two images to illustrate the details of the van Gogh’s use of style is commendable, however I recommend that use of student-centered approach would help the learners understand the stylistic shift of Van Gogh. This should be done theoretically, as it will offer the learners more time to examine the attributes mentioned. The student’s participation in the learning process is a positive sign of understanding the topic. The indication that the students are able to access the National Art Gallery Website and create their digital archives is an illustration of the students’ participation. The general concept of the lesson is admirable; however, I am not sure the nature of the sources you will use to authenticate your content. There is need to offer a wide perspective of the lesson by giving a range of sources relative to the topic of discussion. In addition, how can one measure the progress of the students who do not grasp the contents of the lesson, particularly the computer

Potential ranges of consequences of a development failure Essay Example for Free

Potential ranges of consequences of a development failure Essay The concept of society and culture has a long history associated with it, similar to the most other aspects of social science. The culture has always progressively developed with time, and is an indication of â€Å"improvement†. However, there have been doubts with the quality of the progress, and how has the so-called development helped in evolving the culture into a successful social structure. There is a school of thought that believes that development of societies and culture has only resulted in failure. The failed development has had quite adverse consequences over the society too. Success or failure of a project is dependent on the policies taken towards the process of development. In today’s world where most development projects are government initiatives with political motives, the word â€Å"development† can be often associated with failure, keeping in mind the complete social structure and culture of the particular region. In the book, â€Å"Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid† the authors Emma Crewe and Elizabeth Harrison raise the ultimate question in the very first line: â€Å"Is development a failure? † If the third world countries, especially in Asia and Africa, are considered, the development projects had been undertaken over fifty years ago, and yet there is poverty, hunger and lack of education every where. So, the question that automatically comes up is how development has affected the people in half a century? The so-called development projects have only made the rich nations richer, and the poor poorer. Crewe and Harrison also believes that the success or failure of a development depends upon the gap between the project plans, and their final outcomes. Often, the field staff has not always been able to implement the plans accordingly, resulting in the failure of the overall project. However, going deeper into the issues of field workers, Crewe and Harrison feels that it the opportunities and limitations provided by the society and the staffing organization, that influences the choices or decisions taken by the field staffs. This in turn influences the worker’s field-level activity and thus development failure can stem from the lack of attention to the field-level workers. According to them, the bureaucratic approach to implementation of the project leads to such development failures, and often results in increased power imbalances, and a predetermined section of the society will rise up to take control and would discourage any flexibility in the society. On the other hand, James Ferguson takes another approach to the development failures, where he particularly documents the failure of the Lesotho project. The project, which started off as a â€Å"livestock project† grew in magnitude with time, and soon the plan was to develop a new society out of the mountainous region, with means of arable agriculture in the mountains. Eventually, the whole â€Å"development† project failed. The author attributes this failure to the lack of a common purpose. The plans grew in stature but it diverted from the original purpose. This lack of understanding between the government and the development officials led to the failure of the project. The main aim of the project should have been to maintain the livestock without much of human intervention. However, with foreign aids coming in for the project, the evil intentions of the government surfaced, and a complete social transformation was planned. The author feels that the foreign aids led to the eventual consequence of the failed project. After ten years of commitment, the costly project did nothing to enhance the living standards of the people in the region, and it is claimed that the quality of village life has actually declined as a result of the pullout of the project. The project might not have done any good to the people, but the roads that were made during the implementation helped the Lesotho government in gaining a stronger position in the region. The case of Rwanda genocide provides an insight on the consequences of development failures. Peter Uvin, author of the book â€Å"Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda† documents the reasons that led to the eventual genocide, and how it was the result of irresponsible actions of aid providing institutions. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) had kept on providing funds and aids to the government of Rwanda without any investigation of the social situation in the nation. Over the years, the aid had kept increasing, and finally resulted in the government-sponsored genocide of the Tutsi by the Hutus. The author feels that the aid given by the institutions promoted violence in the region. The basic aim was to help in the development of the African region, but the purpose was not sufficient enough, as the aiding institutions should have looked deeper into the social and cultural trends of the society. The institutions failed to implement their development plans properly, which not only led to a development failure, but also gave rise to a catastrophic disaster, which took away 500,000 lives approximately. This is also the largest genocide incident registered in the history, and it is quite alarming to see how the failure of a â€Å"development† project could lead to such a destruction of society and culture. Mary B. Anderson, in her book â€Å"Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace-or War† presents a similar approach as Peter Uvin, where she provides an insight on how international assistance can become a factor in a conflict-affected area. According to her, outside help, aimed at development of a certain region, can either be helpful in resolving a conflict or prolong the conflict by helping a particular group involved in the conflict. Anderson believes that it is not possible for international assistance to remain separate from the conflict. Most assistance is given with the purpose of reducing tensions in conflict settings, and helps the region to develop. However, these development initiatives can turn into a failure, which would mean that the aid is actually reinforcing the conflict in the region. She urges to aid providers to take a step back, and look closely how the aid might have a negative effect on the conflict. The impact that is created by the aids often decides the success and failure of its developmental purpose. If the impact is destructive, the conflict increases, and leads to war instead of the desired peace. Through these four books, the authors provide a similar aspect to the cause of development failure: external aid. In spite of the fact that external aid is mostly essential for development to take place, it is also important to carry on the implementation in a proper way. While Crewe, Harrison and Anderson specify the general effects of such development failures, Ferguson and Uvin has presented similar views with the help of specific development failure cases. The instances given in all the four books maintain the importance of local aspects while planning a development project for a particular region. The social, political and economic trends are to be studied carefully before implementing a development idea. The consequences are mostly devastating, and reach out to the society and often result in power imbalance and discrimination. References Crewe, Emma Harrison, Elizabeth. Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid. London: Zed Books Ferguson, James 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, DePoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Uvin, Peter 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press Anderson, M. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace-or War. London: Lynne Rienner Coletta, Amy. Book review on Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. Praxis: Fletcher Journal of Development Studies A. M. Hassan, Fareed. Lesetho. African Development Bank: Operations Evaluation Department. O’Reilly, Kathleen. Responding to Intervention: Gender, Knowledge and Authority.

Interview of an E.M.T. :: interview essays

I had the opportunity to interview an E.M.T. The E.M.T. I chose to interview was my friend Matt from the Highland lakes squad. I chose to interview him because it is easier for me to talk to someone I know than someone I don't know, and also I wanted to find out whats its like being an E.M.T.. Q: Why did you become an E.M.T.? A: I enjoy helping people, and I felt that I wanted to be able to do more than just basic first aid and CPR. Q: What does it mean to be on call? A: It means that if the alarm goes off you are the person that responds to the call. You can't leave your area because you have to stay available if the pagers do go off. Q: How does being an E.M.T. affect your personal life? A: It doesn't really affect my personal life too much. The only time it really does is if the pager goes off and I'm on call then I have to stop what I am doin and respond to the call, or if I come across an accadent I have to stop and help. Q: In Vernon what kind of accadents do you usually see? A: The most common type of accadent I see is people havin trouble breathing, or people who can't breath things like that. Q: What is the worst accadent you've ever seen? A: The worst accadent I've ever seen was a car accadent where there was a victim who couldn't remember anything even after I told him the same thing over and over again he couldn't remember what I told him. Q: What happens if the victim is someone you know? A: I try to treat the victim like any other victim, but I'm more nervious about messing up somthing or doing somthin wrong. The victim though will usually feel more comfortable when someone they know is there with them. Q: What do you do at the scene of an accadent? A: We treat the victims, and transport them to the hospital as fast as we can. Q: How do you feel on the way to a call? A: I usually have an adrenalin rush, and my body feels like its going 100 times faster than normal. Thats about it though. Q: Do you like being an E.M.T. and why? A: Yes, I enjoy being an E.M.T. I like the feeling I get from helping others that are in need of help. Q: What happens if you are at a call and another call comes in? A: If a